Node-specialized decentralized computing system

System Overview:

Decentralized computing system: Provides a secure and scalable computing environment for decentralized applications.

Node specialization: System nodes are divided into access nodes, security nodes and execution nodes, and each node undertakes different tasks.

Node roles and functions:

Access nodes:

Receive client transactions and verify the correctness of transaction formats.

Sign transaction hashes and submit to security nodes.

Respond to external queries and provide status responses.

Security nodes:

Verify transaction validity through the Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithm.

Generate and finalize candidate blocks.

Ensure network security.

Execution nodes:

Execute transaction calculations and update the world state.

Store the canonical state of the entire blockchain.

Responsible for deterministic tasks and improve computing efficiency.

System performance and advantages:

High throughput: Supports more than 100,000 transactions per second, far exceeding existing blockchain systems.

Non-sharding architecture: Avoids the complexity and latency problems caused by sharding, and achieves efficient computing in a single shared state environment.

Resource optimization: Separate deterministic tasks from non-deterministic tasks and make effective use of computing resources.

Security and incentive mechanism:

Byzantine fault tolerance: Ensure that the network maintains strong consistency even in the presence of malicious nodes.

Punishment mechanism: When a node makes an error or misbehavior, the staked assets will be cut to maintain the honesty of the network.

Staking mechanism: Participants need to stake crypto assets to participate in the network, and the amount of staked increases or decreases according to performance.

Node requirements and participation:

Hardware and computing power: Access nodes require high bandwidth and low latency; security node hardware requirements are relatively low; execution nodes require the most powerful computing resources.

Wide participation: Lower the threshold for participation and support ordinary consumer-grade hardware users to participate in network verification.

Application scenarios and future development:

Support decentralized applications: Provide a secure and scalable computing environment for large-scale users.

Long-term development: Through the specialized architecture design of nodes and efficient resource utilization, it is expected to achieve wider applications and a higher user base.

Short answer questions:

How does the system distinguish different types of nodes and assign their respective tasks?

A: The system divides nodes into three specialized types: access nodes, security nodes, and execution nodes. Access nodes are responsible for processing external requests and transaction verification to ensure network availability; security nodes provide block verification through the Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithm to ensure network security; execution nodes are responsible for transaction calculations and storage of world states to improve computing efficiency. Each type of node is assigned different tasks based on its technical capabilities and developer experience issues.

What role does the Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithm play in the system?

A: The Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithm plays a vital role in the system. It is used to verify the validity of transactions and ensure that the generated blocks can maintain strong consistency even in the presence of malicious nodes. Security nodes ultimately determine which transactions will be included in the block by executing the BFT consensus algorithm, thereby preventing double-spending attacks and other potential security threats.

How do execution nodes ensure the correctness and consistency of calculation results?

A: Execution nodes ensure the correctness and consistency of calculation results through a series of mechanisms. First, they are only responsible for the calculation of deterministic tasks, which always have an objectively correct result. Secondly, the execution node submits a hash commitment after performing the calculation, and reveals the result after all the execution nodes have submitted the commitment. This mechanism ensures the consistency and verifiability of the calculation results. Finally, the verification node checks the calculation results of the execution node to ensure that there are no errors or fraud.

How does the system achieve efficient resource utilization?

Answer: The system achieves efficient resource utilization through the design of node specialization. Different types of nodes are assigned tasks that best suit them according to their capabilities. For example, the execution node has powerful computing resources and focuses on the calculation of deterministic tasks; while the security node, although its computing power is relatively low, ensures the security of the network by participating in the consensus algorithm. In addition, the system further improves resource utilization efficiency by separating deterministic tasks from non-deterministic tasks.

What penalties will the node receive when it misbehaves?

Answer: The node will be punished when it misbehaves, such as providing malformed transaction hashes, failing to store transaction texts, and finalizing invalid blocks. Specifically, if the access node provides malformed transaction hashes or fails to store transaction texts, the pledged assets will be slashed; if the security node finalizes invalid blocks, it will also be punished. This penalty mechanism ensures the honesty and reliability of the network and prevents sabotage by malicious nodes.

How does the system support a wide range of participants?

A: The system supports a wide range of participants by lowering the threshold for participation and providing incentives. Even users with ordinary consumer-grade hardware can participate in the network verification process by staking a certain amount of crypto assets. This design enables the system to attract a large number of nodes to participate, improving the decentralization of the network. At the same time, nodes can be rewarded or punished based on their performance in the network, thereby incentivizing nodes to participate in network activities honestly.