Decentralized computing system with node specialization

Decentralized computing system with node specialization

System architecture:

Node specialization: The system divides nodes into three specialized types: access nodes, security nodes, and execution nodes, each of which is responsible for different tasks.

Access nodes: Process external requests and transaction verification to ensure network availability.

Security nodes: Provide block verification through the Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithm to ensure network security.

Execution nodes: Responsible for transaction calculations and storage of world states to improve computing efficiency.

Blockchain and transaction processing:

Transaction verification: Access nodes verify whether the transaction is formatted correctly and submit the signed hash value to security nodes.

Block generation and verification: Security nodes generate candidate blocks, verify the validity of transactions through the BFT consensus algorithm, and finally generate the final block.

Transaction execution and status update: Execution nodes receive transactions in the final block, perform calculations, and update the world state.

Performance and scalability:

High throughput: The system can support a processing capacity of more than 100,000 transactions per second, far exceeding existing blockchain systems.

Non-sharding architecture: High throughput is achieved through node specialization, avoiding the complexity and latency problems brought by traditional sharding methods.

Resource optimization: Separating deterministic tasks from non-deterministic tasks enables the system to use computing resources more efficiently.

Security and reliability:

Byzantine fault tolerance: The BFT consensus algorithm is used to ensure strong consistency of block verification, ensuring security even when there are malicious nodes in the network.

Punishment mechanism: Nodes will be "punished" (such as slashing staked assets) when errors or misbehavior occur, ensuring the honesty and reliability of the network.

State verifiability: The system allows anyone to verify the state and history of the network through their own computing resources.

Node roles and requirements:

Access nodes: High bandwidth and low latency are required to ensure timely communication with the outside world.

Security nodes: Participate in the BFT consensus algorithm, with relatively low requirements for hardware and computing power to support wide participation.

Execution nodes: Have the most powerful computing resources, responsible for the deterministic calculation of all transactions, and are the most concentrated part of computing resources in the system.

Network participants and incentive mechanism:

Wide participation: By lowering the participation threshold, even users with ordinary consumer-grade hardware can participate in the network verification process.

Staking mechanism: Participants need to stake a certain amount of crypto assets to participate in the network, and the staked assets will increase or decrease according to the performance of the node in the network.

Application scenarios and future prospects:

Support for decentralized applications: The system is designed to provide a secure and scalable computing environment for decentralized applications and support the use of large-scale users.

Long-term development: The system is expected to achieve wider application and a higher user base in the future through node-specialized architecture design and efficient resource utilization.

Short answer questions:

What are the core components of the system architecture?

A: The core components of the system architecture include three specialized types of nodes: access nodes, security nodes, and execution nodes. Each node is responsible for different tasks and together constitute a decentralized computing system.

What are the main responsibilities of access nodes?

A: The main responsibilities of access nodes are to handle external requests and transaction verification to ensure the availability of the network. They are responsible for receiving transactions from clients, verifying the correctness of the transaction format, and submitting the signed hash value to the security node.

What is the Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus algorithm and what role does it play in a secure node?

Answer: The Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus algorithm is a fault-tolerant consensus mechanism that ensures the consistency and security of transaction verification in the presence of malicious nodes in the network. In secure nodes, the BFT consensus algorithm is used to verify the validity of transactions, ensure that the generated blocks are correct, and ultimately generate the final block.

How do execution nodes improve the computational efficiency of the system?

Answer: Execution nodes have powerful computing resources and are responsible for transaction calculations and storage of world states. They receive the final blocks from secure nodes, execute transaction calculations in blocks, and update the world state. By focusing on deterministic tasks, execution nodes can significantly improve the computational efficiency of the system.

How does the system achieve high throughput?

Answer: The system achieves high throughput through a node-specialized architecture design. Access nodes, security nodes, and execution nodes each perform their duties and work together to process transactions. In particular, by separating deterministic tasks from non-deterministic tasks, the system can more effectively utilize computing resources and support a processing capacity of more than 100,000 transactions per second.

Why did the system choose a non-sharding architecture?

A: The system chooses a non-sharding architecture to avoid the complexity and latency problems brought by traditional sharding methods. Through node specialization, the system is able to achieve efficient computing in a single shared state environment without dividing the network into multiple sub-units for asynchronous interaction.

Briefly describe the penalty mechanism for nodes when errors or misbehavior occur.

A: Nodes will be "punished" when errors or misbehavior occur. For example, if an access node provides a malformed transaction hash or fails to store a transaction text, the staked assets will be slashed. If a security node finalizes an invalid block, it will also be punished. This penalty mechanism ensures the honesty and reliability of the network.

What requirements do nodes participating in the network need to meet?

A: Nodes participating in the network need to meet different requirements. Access nodes require high bandwidth and low latency to ensure timely communication with the outside world; security nodes need to participate in the BFT consensus algorithm, and the requirements for hardware and computing power are relatively low; execution nodes need to have the most powerful computing resources to be responsible for the deterministic calculation of all transactions.

How does the system attract a wide range of participants?

A: The system attracts a wide range of participants by lowering the threshold for participation. Even users with ordinary consumer-grade hardware can participate in the network verification process by staking a certain amount of crypto assets. This design enables the system to support a large number of participants and improve the decentralization of the network.