Scalable blockchain sharding architecture

Scalable blockchain sharding architecture

Blockchain sharding architecture:

Sharding mechanism: By dividing the blockchain network into multiple independent consensus zones (zones), each zone runs an independent Nakamoto consensus instance to process transactions in parallel, thereby reducing the burden on a single node.

Asynchronous consensus: Each consensus zone runs independently, minimizing communication while maintaining security and decentralization.

Cross-zone transaction processing:

Two-phase transaction: Cross-zone transactions are divided into two stages. First, the withdrawal operation is performed in the source zone, and then the generated relay transaction is broadcast to the target zone to perform the deposit operation.

Final atomicity: Ensure the logical atomicity of cross-zone transactions, that is, once the withdrawal operation is confirmed, the deposit operation will eventually be executed.

Block and transaction structure:

Block structure: Each block is divided into a chaining-block and a transaction-block. The chaining-block is used for consensus verification, and the transaction block records the actual transaction.

Relay transaction: The relay transaction of a cross-zone transaction contains only necessary information to reduce storage and communication overhead.

Batch Mining Technology:

Batch PoW: Allows miners to solve block headers of multiple zones using a single proof of work (PoW), improving mining efficiency and the attack threshold of the system.

Independent Verification: Blocks in each zone are independently verified and accepted, without relying on other zones.

Scalability:

Linear Scalability: By increasing the number of consensus zones, the system can linearly scale transaction processing capabilities without sacrificing decentralization or security.

Experimental Results: In a test environment containing 1,200 virtual machines, the system was able to achieve up to 11,694.89 TPS (transactions per second), far exceeding existing blockchain networks such as Bitcoin.

Security and Incentive Mechanism:

Attack Threshold: Batch mining increases the difficulty of attacking a single zone, making it more difficult to attack the entire network.

Miner Incentive: Adopting Bitcoin's incentive model, rewards are allocated based on block difficulty and transaction fees to encourage miners to participate in batch mining.

System Implementation:

System Architecture: Describes the internal architecture of the system in detail, including the mining system, full node cluster, P2P network, etc.

Technical implementation: Distributed hash table (DHT), Merkle tree, PoW and other technologies are used to implement system sharding, consensus, transaction verification and other functions.

The core idea of ​​blockchain sharding architecture:

The core idea: Divide the blockchain network into multiple independent consensus zones, each zone independently runs the Nakamoto consensus instance, and processes transactions in parallel.

How to handle cross-zone transactions?

Processing method: Cross-zone transactions are divided into two stages: withdrawal and deposit. The atomicity of transaction logic is ensured through relay transactions and final atomicity mechanisms.

Features of block and transaction structure:

Features: Blocks are divided into chain formation blocks and transaction blocks. Chain formation blocks are used for consensus verification, and transaction blocks record actual transactions; the relay transaction structure of cross-zone transactions is streamlined to reduce storage and communication overhead.

Advantages of batch mining technology:

Advantages: Allow miners to use a single PoW to solve the block headers of multiple zones, improve mining efficiency and system attack threshold; blocks in each zone are independently verified and accepted, and do not rely on other zones.

How is the scalability of the system reflected?

Scalability: By increasing the number of consensus zones, the system can linearly expand transaction processing capabilities. Experimental results show that the system can significantly improve TPS under high-load environments.

Security challenges and solutions faced by the system:

Security challenge: A single zone may become an attack target.

Solution: Use batch mining technology to increase the attack threshold, and design an incentive mechanism to encourage miners to participate in batch mining to maintain the security of the entire network.

Key technologies implemented by the system:

Key technologies: including distributed hash tables (DHT), Merkle trees, PoW, etc., which are used to realize the system's sharding, consensus, transaction verification and other functions.

Practical application potential and prospects of the system:

Application potential: The system provides new ideas and methods to solve the problems of insufficient scalability and transaction processing capabilities faced by the current blockchain network, and has broad application prospects.

Information on applicants and inventors of patents: