Devices, methods, and systems for implementing blockchain

Devices, methods, and systems for implementing blockchain

Short answer questions

What is the function of the wallet in the service component of the device? What is the function of the multi-signature unit?

Explain how the consensus module uses the Byzantine algorithm to achieve consensus among nodes in the blockchain network.

How does the node management module perform double verification to execute node changes in the blockchain network?

Briefly describe how the hot upgrade unit implements the upgrade of consensus nodes, and explain how to ensure that blockchain services are not interrupted during the upgrade process.

What is the role of the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) in the smart contract module?

Briefly describe the deployment and execution process of smart contracts.

Explain how the blockchain network uses the economic model unit to implement the deployment and operation of smart contracts without consuming fuel.

In what ways does the privacy transaction unit protect transaction privacy?

Briefly describe the difference between consensus nodes and non-consensus nodes in the blockchain network.

How can the blockchain network achieve large-scale expansion?

Answers to short answer questions

Wallets are used to manage users' public and private keys, enabling users to log in, deploy contracts, execute contracts, and transfer funds. Multi-signature units are used to perform multi-signature transactions, which require multiple signatures to transfer assets from the contract address to other addresses.

The consensus module uses the Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) algorithm to conduct three-stage voting between consensus nodes, namely the proposal, pre-voting and pre-commitment stages. Finally, after more than two-thirds of the consensus nodes reach an agreement, the proposal block is added to the blockchain ledger to form a new block.

The node management module executes node changes by double-verifying the change request. The first verification occurs after the consensus node receives the change request and signs it to determine whether more than two-thirds of the consensus nodes agree to the request. The second verification occurs after the consensus is completed, and the number of signing nodes is reconfirmed to ensure the legitimacy of the change request and prevent malicious nodes from sabotaging.

The hot upgrade unit first deletes the first node that needs to be upgraded from the blockchain network, stops it from providing services, and upgrades it locally. After the upgrade is completed, restart the first node and re-add it to the blockchain network. During the upgrade process, other consensus nodes continue to provide services to ensure that the blockchain service is not interrupted.

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) in the smart contract module is used to execute smart contract code. Due to the existence of EVM, the blockchain network is compatible with the current applications on the Ethereum public chain, and these applications can be directly transplanted and deployed.

First, Dapp uses Solc or other integrated tools to compile Solidity source code into bytecode and application binary interface (ABI). Then, Dapp uses specific tools to deploy the contract to the Ethereum virtual machine of the smart contract module to complete the creation of the contract. Finally, Dapp calls the EVM code through the Web3 API to execute the contract.

The economic model unit uses ERC20, ERC721 or other token standards to establish an economic model. Under this model, although the account needs to hold more than gasLimit when deploying or running smart contracts, it does not actually consume these fuels, thus realizing the free deployment and operation of smart contracts.

The privacy transaction unit protects transaction privacy in many ways: using a new key pair for handshake between nodes to achieve secure communication; extending Proto3 to encode the interface to achieve object encoding; consensus and management of the addition and deletion of consensus nodes to achieve node control; using anonymous account addresses derived from user public keys; supporting multiple addresses of the same user and realizing free transfer of assets between addresses.

In the blockchain network, consensus nodes participate in the consensus algorithm and block synchronization, are responsible for producing and verifying blocks, and maintain the security and consistency of the blockchain. Non-consensus nodes only receive messages and synchronize block data, do not participate in the consensus process, and have no voting rights.

The blockchain network achieves large-scale expansion by distinguishing between consensus nodes and non-consensus nodes. The number of consensus nodes determines the consensus efficiency, while large-scale expansion units can expand the network scale by adding non-consensus nodes without affecting the consensus efficiency.

Essay questions

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the blockchain network architecture in detail and compare it with other mainstream blockchain platforms (e.g., Ethereum, Fabric).

Discuss the importance of the double verification mechanism in the node management module and analyze how it enhances the security of the blockchain network.

Analyze how the economic model of the blockchain network promotes the development and application of DApps and explore its potential challenges and risks.

Discuss how the privacy transaction unit collaborates with distributed applications (DApps) to achieve stronger transaction privacy protection and explore its limitations.

Analyze the application prospects of the blockchain network in B2B2C solutions and explore how it solves problems in traditional business models, such as data security and privacy issues.

Key terms

Service components: Components used to provide user interaction and management functions, such as wallets, multi-signature units, monitoring units, privacy transaction units, and digital asset units.

Core components: Contains smart contract modules, consensus modules, and node management modules, responsible for the core functions of the blockchain network.

Basic components: Components that provide underlying support, such as network communication units, storage units, cryptography units, and ledger units.

Byzantine algorithm: A fault-tolerant algorithm used to reach consensus in a distributed system, which can ensure the correctness of the results even if some nodes fail or behave maliciously.

Consensus node: A node that participates in the consensus process and maintains the blockchain ledger.

Non-consensus node: A node that only synchronizes block data but does not participate in the consensus process, also known as an observation node.

Hot upgrade: The process of upgrading software or systems without interrupting system operation.

Smart contract: A code protocol stored on the blockchain and automatically executed under certain conditions.

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM): A virtual machine used to execute smart contract code to ensure the consistency of the results of smart contract execution on different nodes.

Solidity: An object-oriented programming language used to write Ethereum smart contracts.

Web3 API: A set of application programming interfaces for interacting with blockchain networks.

ERC20/ERC721: Two standard protocols for issuing tokens on the Ethereum network.

Gas: Virtual currency used in the Ethereum network to execute smart contracts and transactions, and to pay for network computing resources.

DApp: Decentralized applications based on blockchain technology.